Impact of Debt Servicing on Economic Growth

Effect of Debt Servicing on Economic Growth Theoretical The outside obligation has become a key issue for Pakistan. Pakistan has immense obligation to pay, which likewise involves intrigue installment on the advance obtained. It adds weight to the economy of Pakistan. Government through various methods attempt to pay these credits. In this paper we have investigated the effect of obligation overhauling on financial development, for example regardless of whether obligation adjusting decidedly or adversely influence the financial development. The information gathered for this reason ranges from 1982 to 2008. We have use relapse test and discover that obligation adjusting is emphatically affecting the development of Pakistan. Catchphrases: Debt Servicing, Economic Growth, GDP, Human Capital, Labor Force Presentation Numerous analysts have concentrated on the connection between outer obligation and development, and what is the effect of outside obligation on economy. It additionally perseveres to pull in impressive enthusiasm from financial experts and policymakers. A lot of research has been completed on this theme and considerable writing is likewise accessible, yet few have led inquire about on the effect of obligation overhauling on monetary development. The conditions and the financing costs on which the credit is given can differ from contributor to giver. Feeble economies because of low income age can't meet their costs and need to pick up advance from global money related foundations or need to give Treasury bills. When they get credit they use it in the improvement extends and create income, anyway on development, Government doesn't need to reimburse just the chief measure of advance yet additionally need to pay measure of enthusiasm on it. Worldwide Financial Institutions like World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank are the main contributor offices. They give advance on hard and delicate conditions relying on the FICO score of the nation. The conversation is continuing for a section of time, regardless of whether obligation gained by the loaner nation, encourages it in boosting the financial development or the conditions suggested by the benefactor brings down the monetary development. The higher obligation administration installments can likewise effectsly affect the piece of open spending by limiting the measure of assets accessible for foundation and human capital, which effectsly affect development. On the off chance that outer obligation administration is limited it could expand development through open speculation. (Clemets et al, 2003). (Cholifihani, 2008) talk about the connection between Public obligation administration and GDP. He utilized a creation work model which estimated GDP as a component of obligation administration, capital stock, work and human capital in which all information are spoken to by steady neighborhood money unit. He thinks of the outcome that Indonesia faces an obligation overhang issue over the long haul since expanding the open outer obligation administration eases back monetary development. The goal of this examination paper is to decide the effect of obligation adjusting on the monetary development of Pakistan; which should be assessed as these measurements are not concentrated before particularly with regards to Pakistan. Research study will be carried based on information accessible of the obligation overhauling and monetary development. Writing Review Creating nations face the issue of obligation adjusting on the monetary development which makes additional weight on the economies. For nations who would prefer not to print cash and have lo age of expense income will decide on acquiring cash. In the same way as other different LDCs, Pakistan being one of creating nation has gathered huge obligation trouble and ceaselessly made obligation overhauling installments to the loan specialists which at last influences the monetary situation of the nation. Obligation Borrowing need to accelerate the monetary development especially when residential budgetary assets are insufficient to address and issue the additional assets. Hypothesis of Economic likewise expresses that sensible degrees of credit quicken economy and past a specific level it influences the economy contrarily. The key factor is that nations in early long stretches of improvement have low degrees of capital stock and furthermore the speculation chances are lower. Numerous specialists have regularly contended that getting nations if put the assets into gainful advancement programs, they positively would appreciate Macroeconomic strength. This outcomes in bringing down the obligation commitments and increment in the monetary development. (Blavy, 2006) direct an examination over Jamaica, in which he accentuation on diverting the obligation into gainful speculation. He likewise expresses that elevated level of obligation is straightforwardly identified with low degree of development. (Krugman 1988) characterize obligation overhang a circumstance wherein the normal reimbursement on outside obligation misses the mark regarding legally binding estimation of obligation. In the event that a countrys obligation level is foreseen to expand the countrys reimbursement capacity with some likelihood later on, expected obligation administration is probably going to be a boosting capacity of the countrys yield level. Venture from residential and outside financial specialists is discouraged which brings about easing back of the monetary development. At the end of the day, Krugman speculation expresses that obligation overhang is halfway because of the weight of outside obligation and that venture will be moderate bringing about poor development execution. The most generally utilized marker to communicate obligation is level of GNP or obligation overhauling as a level of fares and financial shortage for both outer and inward (S.P Gupta, 1994). Rising obligation constrains the capacity of a nation to back crucial imports and to start new improvement ventures. Paper centers around certain nations in light of their low per capita pay reliance intensely on not many essential wares for send out income. The vast majority of the ventures were intended to improve household industry instead of expanding sends out straightforwardly, idea was that national economies would develop after some time and furthermore the fare creation, and sensible patterns in trade costs would permit the obligation administration commitments (Joshua Greene, 1989). .The majority of the low salary nations that face the issue of spending shortfall have powerless household structure. They get advance through International Financial Institutions like World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Asian Development Bank and through created nations. IMF giving the obligation on specific conditions likewise requests that they trade essential products. Because of the abundance flexibly of essential items, costs gets low and income created is low, which can cause issues like obligation overhang for the indebted individuals country (Michael, 1998). (William Easterly 2002) states the reasons of poor nations turning out to be vigorously obliged poor nations. He expresses that Governments who doesn't change markdown rates need to acquire more credits to get obligation help for long haul. The significant issue looked by the nations while paying obligation is the expanding expansion and low development. Reimbursement of outside obligation has appeared to involve a tradeoff among development and swelling (Beatriz et al, 1994). Validity of the nation is additionally a key factor in getting the credit on delicate conditions and low loan fees. Nations with the less financial soundness needed to pay huge spread on outside obligation and furthermore need to confront brutal conditions for acquiring credits. The expansion in the red will add to the nation loss of validity (Gupta, 1994). The credit proportioning impact emerges, when account holders can't reimburse the obligations. Nations increment their loan fees to upgrade reserve funds which lead to abbreviate the sparing speculation hole, which contrarily influence venture and damages monetary development. (Wijeweera et al, 2005). Like each nation Pakistan likewise took measures to constrain the inflationary weight and to secure the intensity of its fares. Truth be told there is a time period to work their way through economy, development can be affected if the viability isn't done on schedule (Afxentiou and Serletis, 1996). Ogunmuyiwa, 2011 complete an examination in Nigeria, in which he quantifies the connection between outer obligation and development. He thinks of the outcome that causation among obligation and development in Nigeria is powerless and unimportant, and changes in GDP can't be figure with changes in outside obligation Technique The condition has been embraced by the Indonesian paper, in this condition we will be accepting GDP as a component of Human Capital, work power and Capital stock. Y=A+B1x1+B2x2+B3x3 Y (GDP) = ÃŽ ± + B1 (Human Capital) +B2 (Capital Stock) + B3 (Labor Force) + â‚ ¬ From the outset, we will check the connection of the factors to the GDP. The amount they are clarifying and are influencing GDP. In Second condition, we will check the connection among GDP and outside obligation adjusting. Condition is; Y=A+B1x1 Y (GDP) = ÃŽ ± + B1 (External Debt Servicing) + â‚ ¬ For this investigation, we have secured a time of 1982 to 2008. The information has been gathered from World Bank Catalog. The factors utilized in this examination are GDP, Capital stock, work power, human capital and obligation adjusting. Information sources are taken from key markers of Asian Development Bank, World Development Indicators distributed by the World Bank. Practically all fiscal units of factors are in US dollars, while work is communicated by number of individuals. Total national output (GDP) is a needy variable, though, capital stock, work power, human capital are determinant elements of GDP (Cholifihani, 2008). Variable of pay is spoken to by genuine GDP at 2000 steady costs as GDP better mirrors the free gainful limit of the nation (Cordella, 2005). Capital stock is spoken to by genuine fixed capital stock. Gross domestic product and fix capital stock are taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) distributed by the World Bank. Work power is characterized as utilized individuals. Absolute individuals working for example utilized work power in occupations are gathered from key pointers distributed by Asian Development Bank (ADB). Human capital for this situation is spoken to by training use every y ear. Human capital is significant as it upgrades the economy since this variable incorporates general aptitudes and capacity of work to carry out a responsibility. Outside obligation administration is d

Its Time to Terraform Mars :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

It's Time to Terraform Mars Earth is Heaven. Venus is Hell. Mars is not one or the other, yet. K.G.M. Paterson Presentation Our nearby planetary group started to shape 4.6 billion years prior from a twirling mass cloud. Plus or minus several million years, the gas cooled and joined to frame huge bodies called â€Å"protoplanets,† which later turned into the planets we know today. Anything that remained after the planets shaped became comets or space rocks, thronw pretty much everywhere throughout the nearby planetary group. Following 100 million years, the huge bundle of gas at the focal point of this whirling mass cloud overheated and detonated in an immense atomic response. This response brought forth the sun we know today. This sun has enough vitality to accommodate nine planets, and the perfect blend of masses and circles to give Earth the correct fixings to help life. Obviously, after a lot progressively a great many years, these correct fixings prompted the formula for human life; before long individuals of the old world watched the developments of the planets. The antiquated Greeks thought t hey were meandering stars, and gave them the name planetes, or vagabonds. Obviously, the Romans vanquished the Greeks, and renamed the planets after their divine beings. Earth is the main planet whose name doesn’t get from antiquated Greek or Roman folklore. Earth originates from the Old English word Gaia; yet the Romans called our planet Terra, subsequently Terra Firma. Mars was supposed to be named after the divine force of war in view of its irate red shading; however right off the bat Mars was loved as a lord of development and fruitfulness. Earth This third stone from the sun has the perfect blend of factors to energize and continue life on it for such a significant number of years. Be that as it may, why here and no what other place you inquire? Its majority has to do with the way that it is the third stone from the sun. The good ways from the sun (150 million km) is the perfect separation to consider water to exist as a fluid, a significant fixing to continue life. With more than 2/3 of the planet secured with water, the Earth’s seas are ideal for managing the temperature of the planet at a reliable 22 °C, another significant fixing to permit life to endure. With a ground-breaking attractive field

October Sky The Movie Essay

The film October Sky manages a great deal of subjects that despite everything exist in social orders everywhere throughout the present reality. One of the principle subjects and maybe the most evident is the moving thought of pursuing one’s dream and never surrendering until progress is found. In the film, we discover Homer Hickam, a normal unassuming community kid, fascinated by the dispatch of Soviet satellite Sputnik and charmed by joining the space race and making his own rockets. Homer gets roused to better himself. He needs to effectively manufacture rockets and with further support from his instructor, Miss Riley, he and his companions enter a science reasonable in which they get the opportunity to get school grants. This is Homer’s dream and he defines his objectives as needs be to accomplish his fantasy. Homer doesn’t permit any hindrance, even family inconveniences, to prevent him from getting his fantasy. His acknowledgment of his objectives and determination in accomplishing them is a truly honorable activity and is something that despite everything happens constantly. Over various decades the fantasies may change and the moves one face to accomplish them might be extraordinary however regardless of what decade, individuals are continually going to have dreams and objectives they need to accomplish in their lives. Each individual wants to be fruitful and cheerful. Achievement and accomplishment of dreams doesn't come simple. An individual must have assurance to be effective and the topic of seeking to an objective and a superior life doesn't leave over decades, regardless of how huge or little the fantasy is. Family strife is another subject that is all inclusive for some reasons. In a few different ways, family strife is joined with the subject of the age hole. This is on the grounds that family strife is regularly brought about by an absence of comprehension among individuals and that frequently happens among grown-ups and youngsters/adolescents. In October Sky, the contention among Homer and his dad, John, was from multiple points of view unavoidable. Homer and John were purchased up in altogether different universes. John experienced childhood in a customary existence where most things were dark or white †right or wrong and things were constantly done likewise way. Homer is living hisâ teenage years in a period where the eventual fate of modest communities is questionable and the United States is being hauled into an innovative age. Experiencing childhood in such various universes leaves the two with altogether different considerations and viewpoints on pretty much everything which implies they are no uncertainty going to conflict on those focuses. Their alternate points of view cause Homer and John to infrequently agree on things. The main thing they appeared to share practically speaking was the way that they were both difficult and that neutralized them. Family clashes are frequently inescapable, even right up 'til the present time. The age hole among Homer and John that caused a great deal of their issues clearly still happens between families in each nation of our decade and will most likely despite everything happen for the remainder of time. The subjects managed in October Sky, for example, the quest for a fantasy, family struggle, age hole and all the more, for example, money related issues have been around for quite a while and likely for quite a while to come. www.wikipedia.comwww.imdb.com

Unit 4 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 4 task - Essay Example 4. The criminal examination division has governed Medicare extortion as a type of wrongdoing. What are the perspectives on the individuals concerning the criminalization of Medicare extortion? (a) Do individuals consider Medicare extortion as a crime? (b) Do individuals censure the expert for their adversities? A theory is articulation that gives a conditional response to the exploration issues as per the proposed look into structures and technique (Creswell, 2008). The accompanying proclamations speak to our speculation for the quantitative, subjective, and blended strategies examine techniques individually. 1. The decision of the theory depended on the job of government in giving essential human services to the residents. The theory gives a conditional response to explore addresses that are identified with the job of the clinical expert in guaranteeing evenhanded social insurance administrations. Also, the theory gives an immediate correlation between the two principle inquire about factors. 2. The subjective research approach gives answers to examine addresses that can't be replied through a quantitative methodology. The decision of the exploration question and theory depended on their capacity to react to addresses that are identified with the general public. Despite the fact that it is difficult to decide the degree to which various establishments add to medicinal services extortion, it is important to decide reasons that add to Medicare misrepresentation through the subjective methodology. 3. In the blended technique approach, a specialist will be worried about the connection among quantitative and subjective research results (Creswell, 2008). In this way, the exploration questions and theory assigned for the blended strategies segment give provisional connection between various research factors and the separate social

Common Cognitive Distortions in OCD

Common Cognitive Distortions in OCD OCD Causes Print Common Cognitive Distortions in OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 12, 2019 Scott Kleinman / The Image Bank / Getty Images More in OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Although obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD) is a complex illness with many causes and risk factors, understanding the psychological factors that cause  OCD symptoms  and keep them going is essential to getting the most out of treatment. It is now clear that OCD is characterized by a number of errors in thinking called cognitive distortions that can potentially lead to obsessions and compulsions. Cognitive distortions are ways of thinking that negatively skew the way in which we see the world, ourselves and others. First identified by the seminal cognitive-behavioral therapist Aaron Beck, cognitive distortions are prevalent in many forms of mental illness, including mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive therapists have identified a number of cognitive distortions that seem to be particularly prevalent among people with OCD. Identifying and challenging these distortions is a central component of psychological therapies for OCD. Over-Importance of Thoughts Through a process called thought-action fusion, people with OCD are often prone to equating their thoughts with actions. For example, if you have OCD you might believe that having the unwanted thought of harming a loved one is morally equivalent to actually harming them. You might also believe that such a thought means that deep down inside you really want to harm your loved one. Although thoughts themselves are actually harmless, for some people with OCD, the apparent meaning and consequences of such thoughts cause  them to be labeled as dangerous and immediately pushed away. Unfortunately, suppression of such thoughts only causes them to come back even worse than before. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) challenges the importance of thoughts through various exposure-based exercises. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Overestimation of Danger People who have OCD often overestimate the potential for danger and the consequences of making an error or not doing something perfectly. For example, if you have OCD you might believe that the likelihood of being fired is extremely high and that if you make any mistake at work, even a small one, you could be let go. This kind of thinking can help fuel compulsions by causing excessive checking or other types of repetitive behavior to ward off the feared danger. Of course, it is possible that the fears may be justified, but in the vast majority of cases, this overestimation of danger is unfounded. Inflation of Responsibility If you have OCD, it is common to overestimate your responsibility for an event and to discount, ignore, or underestimate other plausible influences. For instance, someone with OCD may think that if they leave for work at the wrong time it will set in motion events that will lead to a plane crash. To prevent this from happening, they may engage in compulsions to undo or neutralize this negative outcome, such as repeating a phrase over and over again or leaving and returning to the house numerous times. Of course, it is almost impossible to imagine how leaving for work at the wrong time would cause a plane to crash, nor is it logical that a compulsion such as repeating a phrase over and over again would prevent such an outcome. People’s actual level of responsibility for events can be tested in therapy using exposure exercises. Overestimation of Consequences of Danger People with OCD often believe that if they encounter danger, they will be overwhelmed and will not be able to cope with the situation or will go crazy. They may also believe that encountering danger invariably heralds a catastrophic outcome such as losing everything and ending up on the street. For example, someone with OCD might fear being rejected in a romantic relationship because it would automatically mean they would become depressed and would end up homeless. This discounts the very real possibility that they might be able to cope with the situation just fine, that family members would be there to support them and that the relationship ending could be an opportunity for a fresh start. Need for Certainty If you have OCD, it is very common to have an unrealistic need for certainty, even in situations where certainty is not possible. This need for certainty can lead to seeking excessive reassurance from family members, therapists, etc., to avoid feeling anxiety. Excessive reassurance seeking is a form of avoidance, which only serves to reinforce anxious thoughts. As well, it can cause loved ones to withdraw their support as they grow overwhelmed trying to provide reassurance. Intolerance of Emotional Discomfort People with OCD often believe that they will embarrass themselves or go crazy if they experience intense negative emotions. It is thought that compulsions and excessive reassurance seeking from others often develop as a means of avoiding having to experience negative emotions.

Challenges of Developing an OS to block any non-authorized users - 825 Words

Challenges of Developing an OS to block any non-authorized users (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name Instructor Course Date Challenges of Developing an OS to block any non-authorized users Most users are heavily interested in taking the necessary steps to prevent unauthorized people from accessing their smartphones, or tablets. Developing an Operating System (OS) such as Windows 8.1, Apple iOS, or Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Android presents a solution to protecting privacy and safeguarding against unwanted access. Most OS have a firewall that prevents viruses and other malware from accessing the device. They also have a provision for creating passwords to prevent unauthorized access. However, building an OS is difficult and expensive. An operating system requires hundreds of software developers and programmers to work on it. The entire process entails creating and recreating command, testing, and adjusting to achieve the desired system. Being an operating system, it runs on both the hardware and the software components in the device. It is quite difficult to interface the OS with the hardware. Similarly, different commands have to be developed and integrated with other applications that will work on the device. Microsoft incurred US$ 10 billion when it was developing Windows Vista. Over 10000 employees worked for five years to come up with the OS (McPherson, Proffitt, and Hale-Evans, 1). Other versions of the Windows OS have been costly to develop. The company has been forced to inject millions of dollars into its development. Similarly, Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Mac OS has been expensive and difficult to develop. Similarly, the development of iOS and Android mobile operating system was costly and took years before they came into the market. The smartphone and tablet industry is dominated by Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Android, Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s iOS, and Windows (McPherson et al. 1). The three are undoubtedly some of the leading technology and software companies in the world. Android has the largest share followed by iOS and Windows at a distant third place. It is entirely difficult to develop an operating system that can rival the three established ones. For a company to develop more advanced OS, it will need enormous capital and human resource. The costs incurred in creating an OS to prevent unauthorized access far outweigh the perceived benefits of marketing the device. After all, the market has free apps that guarantee privacy and prevent any unwanted access to the tablet (McPherson et al. 1). If the business software company were to develop the OS, it would have to charge a much higher price for the device to recover the cost incurred in the development of the tablet. Although this may appear practical, the reality is that the high pricing means that the customers will not be able to afford it. Perhaps, this explains the expensive nature of Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tablets. The company has developed its operating system that runs devices. However, its strong brand name and reputation for quality makes its product attractive in the market. Being the most valuable company in the world, it has the resources and expertise to develop its OS. CM Security App The CM security app is designed for all Android smartphones and tablets. Apart from working as an antivirus, the application can lock apps from potential thieves (Tumbokon 2). It is powered by both local cloud engines for the purpose of protecting the device against any threats. The users only need to have access to the internet to download it from the app store. Once they download the app, they can tap scan where the app will scan all apps on the device to identify any Trojans, virusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s adware, spyware, and vulnerabilities. One of the best features that come with CM security app is that it allows the user to locate his or her device. The user needs to visit https://findphone.cmcm.com website with personal email. The app will ask for one to set up a security password that allows him or her to locate the tablet on a map (Tumbokon 2).When the owner taps yell, the device can make some sounds to find it even if...

William Shakespeare s Death Of The English Language

William Shakespeare was thought to be born in Stratford in 1564. (cite) He was one of eight children and was born into a well-known and highly respected family. In the year of 1592 Shakespeare’s career began to take off. Shakespeare has written histories, comedies, tragedies, poems and tragic comedies. He has been distinguished as one of the first professional writers and the second most quoted after the holy bible. He is an influential artist and a play writer. He has written 37 plays and 154 sonnets. He was a poet in the early 1590’s and has written several narrative poems. There are an abundant amount of reasons as to why William Shakespeare has been so successful and famous. He is generally considered to be both the greatest dramatist the world has ever known as well as the finest poet who has written in the English language. Due to the success of his writing, Shakespeare has added over 3,000 words to the English language. Shakespeare’s work has appealed to many people all over the world. No other writer s plays have been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries as his. Much of Shakespeare’s influential work is from his great understanding of human nature. He allows his audience to understand human conditions such as how we think and how we feel. Shakespeare’s work is unique. Through his work, he has the ability to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. Yet he had the ability toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On Modern Culture1090 Words   |  5 PagesSam Ebersole Mrs. Ruiz English 9A Period 1 19 November 2015 Shakespeare s Influence on Modern Culture William Shakespeare is one of the world s most influential people to ever live. â€Å"BBC audience survey names Shakespeare as Britain s Man of the Millennium.† (Andrews 2) Shakespeare’s works continue to be evident globally in modern society. 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William Shakespeare’s birth is unknown but church records show that he was baptised on April 26, 1564Read MoreEssay On William Shakespeare1127 Words   |  5 PagesThis is an informational essay about Poet, Actor, and Playwright,William Shakespeare. In this essay you can find much information ranging from fun facts to his death. This essay tells much about his life and includes some details of family members. The key purpose of this essay is to inform curious people about William Shakespeare. â€Å"I regard the theatre as the greatest of all art forms, the most immediate way in which a human being can share with another the sense of what it is to be a humanRead MoreCompare And Contrast Different Literature Periods1452 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Literature Periods Literature by definition according to Oxford dictionary is the written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit. Literature has classified into several periods. 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Without Shakespeare, the English language would have never expanded at the rate it did, erasing many common words andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare has been best known for his poems, plays and masterful piece of writings in the English language. He has been referred to as the England s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. Shakespeare s plays consist of mainly tragedies, comedies and histories which are regarded as one of the best in those genres. The plays, the poems, and the sonnets have had a significance influence in EnglishRead MoreAmbition and Death - the Story of the Renaissance in Macbeth1189 Words   |  5 PagesAmbition and death - the story of the Renaissance in Macbeth In the tragic drama Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in 1606 during the English Renaissance, the hero, Macbeth, constantly declines in his level of morality until his death at the end of the play. Because of his change of character from good to evil, Macbeth s attitude towards other characters, specifically Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macbeth, and the witches, is significantly affected. In a larger sense, the theme of bad versus goodRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And Life1307 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare s life was very interesting, to say the least about him. â€Å"An English playwright and poet, William Shakespeare is often considered the greatest dramatist the world has ever known and the most recognized poet in the English language† (Lindaman). From a very young age, William was a very bright kid, who had gained a love for theater. Ever since that love as a kid, it only grew stronger. Not only did he have a love for theater, but also poetry. Throughout S hakespeare’s life family

Essay about Evil in William Shakespeares Macbeth - 755 Words

Evil in William Shakespeares Macbeth Evil. It is a word that has been used for hundreds of years, yet the meaning is ones interpretation of what is evil. The criteria for an evil act have changed over the years also. My interpretation of evil is a very bad or ill act against a person, animal or God. Macbeth, dead butcher and evil man? This essay will discuss this question. At the start of the play Macbeth is portrayed as a brave soldier, who would do anything for his king and country. During the opening battle a picture is built up in the mind of the audience. It is an image that shows Macbeth as a brave, noble, loyal and strong man. This is achived through the language Shakespeare uses.†¦show more content†¦He does this when lady Macbeth summons spirits. This would have been seen as immensely evil in the Elizabethan age when the play was first shown. This is because the Elizabethans believed that talking to spirits was indirectly talking to the Devil. It was also against the law to communicate with spirits at the time. Under my battlements. Come you spirits, That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, Lady Macbeth is the single biggest influence that causes Macbeth to kill the king (the highest position in Scotland, chosen by God). This would have been seen as the most evil act that one could commit. It was seen as an action against God. So this would mean Lady Macbeth is encouraging Macbeth to do a satanic deed. So by committing this deed both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have been dammed for eternity. After the killing of Duncan Macbeth and his wife react differently. Macbeth speaks in small statements. As I descendedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hark who lies I th second chamberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This is a sorry sight. This shows us Macbeth is panicking and anxious. He speaks of being caught or detected by someone; he also speaks of the evil that he just performed While Lady Macbeth also talks in small sentences showing that she is also nervous, however she is pragmatic. It also shows us that she is collected and rational. She is also thinkingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Evils of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth3793 Words   |  16 PagesThe Evils of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth The question that I have been given is to evaluate Shakespeares characterization of Lady Macbeth and to decide on an correct description of her character, as I think Shakespeare intended it to be - is she a cruel, calculating, cold blooded killer; or is she just a confused and distraught lonely woman? 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Public hangings and drowning of suspected witches were frequent and the play Macbeth reflects this time in history. It is immediately made clear from the first scene that the play will involve dark and evil spirits. The disturbing weather conditions that accompanyRead MoreThe Forces of Evil in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth567 Words   |  2 PagesFaustus in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth have similar interactions with forces of evil. Both characters believe it is necessary to gain power by following the devil or witches. Macbeth follows the witches’ equivocal prophecy to have absolute control over Scotland. He gives up his place in heaven to be king on earth. After Macbeth’s murder of Duncan, Macbeth has entered into a Faustian Bargain which he will never be able to returnRead MoreMen of Respect V.S Macbeth Essay738 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1991, William Shakespeares great play Macbeth was re-created into a modern day version titled Men of Respect. Was the plays textual fidelity lost in transition during the making of the film, or did the film show total loyalty and d evotion to the text and the feelings of the play? A closer examination of the characters/lines, classification between good and evil, and the use of light and dark will compare the many differences and similarities between William Shakespeares Macbeth and WilliamRead MoreA Comparison of Shakespeares Macbeth and Rupert Goolds Film Adaptation 954 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s masterpiece, Macbeth, is a tragedy brilliantly brought to the 21st Century by Rupert Goold. Although Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a play set in 16th Century Scotland, Rupert Goold modernizes the play by changing the setting to a Soviet-styled country and implementing modern elements into the characters and theme. Although Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Rupert Goold’s film adaptation share many ideologies and a general storyline, a difference exists in the setting, the characters, andRead MoreFate In Macbeth Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesany sudden obstacle crosses their path, humans decide to take fate into their own hands. In William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare writes about a Scottish soldier who strives for power, and the fall of the king. When Macbeth is told the prophecy that he is going to become king he allows fate to guide and takes no action. But the king does not announce him his successor, then Macbeth and his wife act in foul ways to capture the throne. Shakespeare uses the main character ofRead More Darkness Imagery In Macbeth Essays909 Words   |  4 PagesDarkness Imagery in William Shakespeares Macbeth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ambition and evil are the basic elements in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Macbeth is a tragedy which was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan Era. There was much use of Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland as it was necessary for creating the environments and situations in the play. Macbeth takes place mainly in Scotland and is a play about an ambitious thane, named Macbeth, and his wifeRead MoreRole of Women in Shakespeares Plays - a Case Study of Macbeth and the Merchant of Venice1499 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction William Shakespeare (baptized 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English poet William Shakespeare and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet and the â€Å"Bard of Avon† (or simply â€Å"The Bard†).His surviving work consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major language and are performedRead More Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Beyond the Fair and Foul1059 Words   |  5 PagesMore to Macbeth than Fair and Foul      Ã‚  Ã‚   The statement Fair is foul, and foul is fair does not thoroughly express the many themes of Shakespeares Macbeth.   The first time this statement occurs is very early in the play, when the witches chant the exact line Fair is foul, and foul is fair(I.i.12) only for Macbeth to repeat it himself two scenes later.   This repetition of the lines shows that the characters themselves believe that there are many foul events taking place.   Firstly, one can

The Effects Of Substance Abuse On The Community - 844 Words

Most college students have the freedom to do whatever they would like, with little parental supervision. This often leads a student to their downfall. Students are often found turning to drugs and alcohol to help relieve themselves from the pressure of school. Students and even some adults tend to try and find a short term fix to a long term problem. leading many students to substance use. Many of them use drugs and alcohol to help distance themselves from the stress they are faced with. A community with a large number of substance abusers is almost guaranteed to come with more violence, theft, and even gang activity compared to a community where substance abuse is low. Having students stay away from drugs will greatly lower the violence and theft in the community. I believe helping the students is important and crucial in improving the community overall. Students that live a drug and alcohol free life are more likely to stay in school and spend more time on academics. I plan to host a night that will allow the students to see the toll that drugs and alcohol take on a person mentally and physically. Many students have been taught about the side effects, however for many that isn t enough to stop them. This night not only will show the students what drugs do to the body, it will also give students the motivation that is needed to help them stop using, or prevent them from ever starting. This night will be an eye opening experience for those who decide to attend. MySho w MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Drugs On The Human Body1158 Words   |  5 Pagesstreets ever since it became a nation. The abuse of substances has become more and more common on this society, that now thinking about legalizing one of its illicit drugs is a main political topic. Even though the United States has become a war on drugs country, many people in its society are still being affected. Out of all the substances that are being abuse in this country, there are three that outstand the rest. The three substances that are being abuse the most in our society are alcohol, marijuanaRead MoreDetrimental Social Problems: Substance Abuse Essays1197 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse is one of the most detrimental social problems found in all societies. It has been the leading cause for generational breakdowns of families and communities, and is probably the most controversial social problem when developing corrective solutions. Substance abuse can be defined as the chemical dependence , or pattern of usage of both legal and illegal substances, that has adverse physical, psychological, and psychomotor effects on the human body. The use of substances does not alwaysRead MoreSubstance Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans895 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance, as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: friends and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults that are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 people under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapses are common. AfterRead MoreJuvenile Delinquents and Drug Abuse Essay examples1501 Words   |  7 Pagessuffer, or do others get involved? The answer is, not only do the users suffer, but so do their family, friends, and the community. However, due to the rise of juveniles becoming involved in substance abuse, the juvenile justice system has resulted in an increased burden. Over the past fifteen years, the fad of drug use among kids has steadily been increasing. Persistent substance abuse among youth is often accompanied by an array of problems, including academic difficulties, health-related consequencesRead MoreReflection : Substance And Family1410 Words   |  6 PagesReflection: Substance and Family Tracy Collins Wilmington University In physical science, the term substance simply refers to a pure form of matter that contains molecules, where a combination of different molecules forms a mixture. In the context of this paper, the term substance relates to drugs and alcohol, which, when misused, bring about undesirable consequences. Drugs can be of varied categories. Addictive drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and heroine are usually harmful to one’sRead MoreSubstance Abusers: A Vulnerable Population Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to be describing the characteristics of substance abusers. Next, give the common health issue and needs. Then, give specific resources that Peoria have to offer. Finally, how substance abuse relates to Healthy People 2020. Overall, this will give one an overview of the vulnerable population such as substance abusers. Characteristics of the population Substance abuse is when a person want their mind to be altered with the use of drugs. Substance abuse affect all ages, race, religion, and incomeRead MoreEssay on Health Education Intervention854 Words   |  4 PagesIntervention Multiple approach to community health (MATCH) model, which was introduced by Simons-Morton, Greene and Gottlieb in the late 1980s, is considered to be very comprehensive and extensive for practical analysis. The model is not very popular among many scholars thus making it not much available in many texts. However, the paper is concerned about the reasons that make it the most preferred method of public health education intervention in the case of substance abuse (Simons-Morton, Greene GottliebRead MoreRisk Factors For Adolescent Drug Abuse1462 Words   |  6 Pages Body: Risk Factors for Adolescent Drug Abuse There are an abundance of risk factors that can relate to the contribution of drug abuse in adolescents. The primary risk factors can be divided into two main categories: social and emotional triggers. Social factors play an important role because during the adolescent years it can be an extremely emotional and physically tough time for teens to transition through. Adolescent phases are one of the biggest transitional stages in a person’s life becauseRead MoreEssay on Adolescent Substance Abuse1656 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Header: Substance Abuse Adolescent Substance Abuse Dana Sweitzer Liberty University Abstract Adolescent substance abuse is a major problem in society. There are many risk factors that can contribute to adolescent substance abuse. One of the main risk factors is peer pressure. When adolescents start at a young age there is an increase in health problems, addiction, and over all poor social outcomes. Parental influence has substantial effect on adolescents because the adolescent seesRead MoreSubstance Abuse. What Is Substance Abuse . Substance Abuse1300 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse What is substance abuse Substance abuse is the use of drugs, alcohol, or chemicals. The substance abuse results in physical, psychological, emotional harm to the user or others. People abuse substances such as drugs and alcohol for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that it comes at a significant cost. 0Substance abuse can be recognized through it s signs and behavior changes, as well as short and long term effects. There are various ways however to treat substance

Understanding The Looking Glass Self - 1129 Words

A wise sociologist once said, â€Å"In order to be -- or become -- fully human, humans need a great deal of proficiency at taking account of others and forming relationships with them.† Sociology teaches humans where we connect to different groups as well as classifying them into these groups. These classifications that we are assigned include, economic status level, education, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. By doing so, we perceive the view of ourselves and others in the world. The Looking Glass-Self allows us to see our interactions with others as well as what they expect from us according to our behavior (Verderber, 34). That is what sociology is; the study of society and social interaction. Throughout our lives, we have learned and will still continue to learn how to function as a â€Å"normal† human being. What defines normal? Although there are many definitions to this word, one may define it as average. It all depends through the eye of the beholder which is filtered through the lens of society. What that means is, your definition of â€Å"normal† might not exist on its own, but it is created by observing the way of life through your own perspective and experiences. The way I see defining â€Å"normal† is through your own social behavior. When speaking to someone for the first time, the way you come off to others will make them decide whether you are normal or not. You are learning to create relationships by the culture that is formed around you. Culture teaches you and yourShow MoreRelatedWhat I Have Learned From A Social Theory Class1240 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor publications, Mind, Self, and society, The philosophy of the Act and The Philoso phy of the present. He is also Pioneered the development of symbolic interaction perspective which is a school of thought in sociology that explains social behavior in terms of how people interact with each other (http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/symbolic-interactionism-49). Mead argued that interaction is the key to understanding human behavior and that there can be no self apart from society, noRead MoreMy Social Science Requirement For My Associate Degree923 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the theories that sociologist came up with. When I started reading the modern development theorists, Charles Horton Cooley, it was so fascinating because he focused on social interaction. Cooley came up with the concept called â€Å"looking glass self†, and I will explain it and show my view about it in this essay. Charles Horton Cooley was born during the 18’s. He grew up in wealthy life where his father and mother had professional jobs in the industry. He was lonely and shy personRead MoreSocial Construction And Disability Models1579 Words   |  7 Pagesdeaf culture lying at the heart of the linguistic minority construction. Advocates of the disability construction for all the deaf people use the term â€Å"deaf community† to identify people with significant hearing impairment. Medicalization and Looking Glass Self Medicalization is the process by which a phenomena is defined as within the purview of medical expertise and intervention. The trend in our society is toward greater medicalization, and focused on seeing more and more things as in the realmRead MoreAlice s Journey Through Looking Glass World1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian Era was a time of great innovation and new idÐ µas to voice their people on a variety of different subjects ranging from politics to social structure. Lewis Carroll, a popular authÐ ¾r of the time, Through the looking Glass, which serves to help readers understand children. Children in the era were previously considered unimportant and empty-headed, but Carroll shows, through Alice’s interactions with various characters, how one could be much more intelligent and mature than adults ofRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory : The Looking Glass Self And Romantic Relationships1126 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction with others. Symbolic interaction theor y has greatly impacted our world. This theory helps one understand how individuals shape their own reality and create norms. This essay focuses on the symbolic interaction theory through the looking-glass-self and romantic relationships. Symbolic Interactionism focuses on face-to-face communication. It is also micro-level theory; meaning this theory covers very specific relationships between individuals or small groups. Micro level theories areRead MoreHow I Changed My Life771 Words   |  4 Pagesand how I interact with society. Understanding how I have been affected by my immediate surroundings is a significant part of a better understanding how I have been changed by the greater society. All through this semester, I have begun to reminisce back on my life and pull apart the different ways that I have been affected and how they can be looked at sociologically. The first thing that I genuinely began to break down was the way I distinguish myself. My self-identity is something that I haveRead MoreThe Concept Of The Looking Glass Self1423 Words   |  6 Pagessociology actualized questions of understanding the nature of the individual. This determined the weakening of the behaviorist tradition, which is characterized by a nihilistic attitude to the study of psychological processes and the determination of the human life as a manifestation of the externally observable behavior (by analogy with the animal reaction). The interactionist approach in sociology has been formed and it refers to the integrity of the human personality and self-determination in the micro-socialRead MoreCharles Horton Cooley s Concept Of The Looking Glass Self870 Words   |  4 Pages1902, Charles Horton Cooley fashioned the concept of the looking-glass ‘self,’ this concept was researched to learn how identity is shaped. The authors concluded that people shape their identity based on the perception of how they think others view them. Three ideas comprise the looking-glass ‘self’: First, we see in our mind’s eye how we appear to others, second we imagine their judgment of how we appear to them, and third we develop our ‘self’ (our own identity) receiving the judgments from othersRead MoreFreud id, ego, superego954 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ To become a healthy adult socially, mentally and physically Freud believed that children must develop a reasonable balance between id and superego. Id is the natural, unsocialized, biological portion of self, including hunger and sexual urges. Superego is composed of internalized social ideas about right and wrong. When describing the effects of socialization: the process through which people learn the rules and practices needed to participate successfully in their culture and society, PeterRead MoreThe Looking Glass Self By George Herbert Mead831 Words   |  4 Pageswas on the mind he developed a sense of self and opened up discussions about the impact of subject and creativity on society to the rather objective approach to the constitution of society. Cooley saw himself as less of a sociologist than as a scholar in history, philosophy and social psychology. The looking glass self was introduced in his book Human Nature and the Social Order the primary group was introduced in Social Organization. The looking glass self describes how an individual develops his

Looking for Alaska Free Essays

Looking For Alaska In life we face many issues and challenges. Perhaps the most challenging time is when we are Teens. Being a teen means being in that time period when we feel invincible, reckless and we are still trying to figure out who we are. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alaska or any similar topic only for you Order Now For Miles Halter, he was just like everybody else. John Green’s novel Looking for Alaska tells the story of Miles Halter, a shy teenager who transfers to Culver Creek Boarding School for his junior year of high school, in search of the â€Å"Great Perhaps. † While at Culver Creek, Miles faces many issues including trying to fit in, falling in love, and death. When Miles lived in Florida he had no friends. He would always eat lunch by himself and everybody picked on him. When the chance came up for Miles to go to a boarding school in Alabama, he begged his parents to let him go. When Miles arrived at Culver creek he was greeted by his roommate Chip. The first night at his dorm Miles was awoken to some boys who picked him up and threw him in the lake. For many teenagers moving to a new place means starting over. You get to make new friends and nobody knows who you are. The challenges kids face when moving, however is trying to fit in when everybody knows each other. The surroundings are new and you don’t really know anyone. For me moving when I was 13 it was the scariest thing in my life. I, like, everyone else had a hard time making friends, but eventually I did. Falling in love is also another issue teen’s face. When in high school there is always that boy or girl who catches your eye. When Miles started hanging out with his roommate Chip, he met Alaska Young. Alaska was the girl that didn’t care what anybody thought of her. She smoke, she drank, and she even pulled pranks, but Miles started falling in love with her. The issue that Miles had to face with falling in love was that he was starting to turn bad. Miles started smoking and drinking just to look cool for Alaska. I think many Teenagers do things that they normally don’t do to impress a girl or boy whether it’s good or bad. After a night of partying Miles wakes up and gets a phone call. The person explains to miles that Alaska got in a car accident while intoxicated and died. Miles thinks it is one of Alaska’s pranks and starts to laugh. When Chip opens the door sobbing, Miles realizes that what the person said on the phone wasn’t pulling a prank. Sobbing, Miles realizes that the girl he loved is dead. During her funeral, Miles is nowhere to be seen and is skipping class to get drunk and high. Many teens have to deal with a loved one dying. When a loved one dies many teens get the mindset that their live is not important without that person in it. All in all Miles did have to face more issues than many teens, but the struggles Miles had to face made him who he is. We all face issues during our teen live whether it’s trying to fit in, falling in love, or the death of a loved one. We must move on from these issues in the end, and they will make us the people we are. How to cite Looking for Alaska, Papers Looking for Alaska Free Essays Looking for Alaska is an amazing book that questions the meaning of life, and what happens to us after it. It follows three unique friends through a year at Culver Creek, a boarding school in southern Alabama. Looking for Alaska is told in the voice of Miles Halter, nicknamed Pudge by his roommate. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alaska or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pudge is a quiet boy who memorizes people’s last words; he goes to the Creek to seek the â€Å"Great Perhaps. During his search he meets the Colonel and Alaska Young. The three friends learn about pranking, life, love, and sadly even death. Even though Pudge is the narrator of the story, the heart of the book really circles around Alaska Young, the namesake of the Novel. She is the reason I picked Baked Alaska as my food. Alaska is one of my all-time favorite characters. She’s super smart and loves reading but she has a wild side that can be quite dangerous. Alaska mesmerizes the people around her with her looks and wit, especially Pudge who falls completely and madly in love with her. Even when he first met her he couldn’t stop thinking about her, â€Å"All morning, I’d been able to care about anything else, not the Van Gogh poster and not video games and not even my class schedule† (Green 21). I’ve never eaten Baked Alaska, but I’ve also never met anyone as interesting as Alaska Young. This is a girl from a small town, with an older rocker boyfriend, who collects books like some people collect beanie babies, and melts candles into a volcano when she is bored. Pudge describes her library here, â€Å"Her library filled her bookshelves and then overflowed into waist-high stacks of books everywhere, piled haphazardly against the walls† (Green 15). I’m jealous; I wish I had a library like that. As well as interesting, Alaska was bi-polar. Baked Alaska is also bi-polar because it made of both cake and ice cream. With Alaska one day she could be bright, bubbly, and entertaining people with stories of past pranks and other shenanigans; the next she could be deeply depressed, extremely sarcastic, and snapping at anyone who dares to talk to her or discriminate against the female race. She tells Pudge, â€Å"Pudge, what you must understand about me is that I am a deeply unhappy person† (Green 124). This is completely understandable because she lost her mother at a very young age and blamed herself for it because she didn’t call 911 in time; she was only seven at the time. Her depression is shown in her reckless behavior, bad habits, and interest in the afterlife. One of her most powerful quotes was said with a smile on her face, â€Å"Y’all smoke to enjoy it. I smoke to die† (Green 44). There is a lot of foreshadowing in this book, as well as great imagery, and amazing characters. Just like how Baked Alaska eventually melts and goes away when you eat it, sometimes so do characters, but they live forever in our hearts. Work Cited Green, John. Looking For Alaska. New York: Penguin Group, 2005. Print. How to cite Looking for Alaska, Essay examples

Case Study of Albert Eric Bruce Biffin-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Albert Eric Bruce Biffin. Answer: Assignment brief The following case study is about Albert Eric Biffin, who lived in Camden New South Wales. It was reported, that he had died unexpectedly at a health care setting that has a low nursing care facility. A residential health care setting is a system of care given by skilled doctors to patients in a home like surroundings. It was mentioned that the Mr. Biffin was under the care of his general practitioner, Dr John Lambie, for about 25 years. It was reported that the cause of death of Mr. Biffin was unclear and therefore it was reported to the coroner. A full internal autopsy had been done by the forensic pathologist Dr Terry, and it was reported that he had an incarcerated umbilical hernia containing an ischemic small bowel. It was also reported that he had bronchopneumonia and cardiomegaly; which is hypertrophy in the left ventricle and dilated ventricular chambers. He had moderate to severe coronary artery disease that required a pacemaker. It was also found that he had benign nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and benign cortical adenoma; he was also suffering from early cirrhosis of liver. Mr. Biffins death raised questions on the efficiency of the health care professionals as well as the nursing home care provided. It was found that he was staying at a low nursing care facility residence. A home health care setting differs from the hospitals, in a residential health care setting the nurses work alone with resources got from a central office (McKenna, Hasson Keeney, 2014). It was also provided in the case that the registered nurse that was appointed for him did not have any prior information about Mr. Biffins hernia. The registered nurse did not touch or examine the hernia, she did not know how long the hernia have been present and therefore prescribed him with just movicol. Another mistake from the staffs side is that they did not understand the importance of the situation; therefore did not call for the doctors or the family members. The family should have been notified of his health status before calling a doctor. It can be understood from the case study that, the registered nurse would only attend Jacaranda, if called specially for urgent or specific reasons, since she had a patient load somewhere else. It was not before the next morning when the staff reported the pain in Mr. Biffins hernia. Dr. Lambia was busy with other patients and did not find it of that much important; therefore it is clear from the given scenario that there has been negligence from the staffs of the health care setting, both the health practitioner and the registered nurse. The registered nurse in charge of Mr. Biffin did not find it necessary to call his family as she found that his vital signs were all within the limits, for a certain time. The registered nurse found it essential to inform the doctor, until an offensive discharge was coming out through the wound in his lower leg. It was until then that Dr. Lambie was unaware of Mr. Bruces hernia. It was also reported that doctor did not go through any medical history, and did not instruct the nurses about the treatment regimen for Mr. Biffin. He did not clearly document what the nurses would do after he had performed the procedure. It is the duty of the nur ses to measure the quality of care systematically. Many residential care centers do not have public funding, managerial support to introduce new technologies to monitor improvement in their services (McKenna, Hasson Keeney, 2014). The conversation between the doctor and the patient was very brief, therefore could not assess the problems faced by the patient, properly. After the surgery, Dr. Lambia did not instruct the nurses to identify the patients vital signs. The registered nurse reported that since she had patient load else where it was not possible for her to keep an eye on anything and everything. The clinical nurse reported that Mr. Biffin was suffering from short term memory loss, as per the cognitive test performed on Mr. Biffin. The nurse had a very brief entry records and she also admitted that Mr. Biffin was given unnecessary high doses of movicol without any improvement. The nurse was so careless that she was unaware of the pain and the signs of vomiting, which is a gr oss negligence on her part. Prolonged pain and vomiting are the clear signs of patient deterioration; therefore she should have been much careful in treating these. She even admitted that she did not suggest the enrolled nurse to call Dr. Lambia if emergency situation arises. She even did not hand over to the other registered nurses on the closure of her shift, but just told the enrolled nurses. She would have been alert to the signs and symptoms but she did not. It was a total failure in the organization that led to Mr. Biffins death. Normally a registered nurse holds a high esteemed position than the normal enrolled nurses, therefore it is her responsibility to involve directly with the care regimen, which she did not. It is the duty of a registered nurse to provide a holistic care to the patient (McKenna, Hasson Keeney, 2014). It is the duty of a lead nurse to teach the junior nurse, how to monitor and assess a patients condition and start practicing the evidence based practice. A verbal guidance can never impart proper holistic care to the patient. Both verbal handover and written notes are required to ensure patient safety. Direct involvement with the patient, discussion with other clinical nurses regarding the care plan is required, which was lacking in this case (Haakestad, 2014). It was reported that the enrolled nurses who came to examine Mr. Biffin, was meeting him for the first time, therefore it is difficult for her to assess the whole condition at a go. It was found from the report that the enrolled nurse had mentioned in her records that the patients vital signs were normal, which was actually not. She seems to have been influenced by the report provided in the handover of the previous nurse and overlooked the low blood pressure. The enrolled nurse has admitted that the patient deteriorated during her shift and she regrets that she would have shifted Mr. Biffin to the hospital on time. The clinical staff load of the Jacaranda Place was also not very impressive to provide appropriate care to the elderly patients. The registered nurse was informed that Mr.Biffin was continuously having dry retching, but the she did not record about how long the retching had been going on. Furthermore Dr. Lambie claimed Mr.Biffin did not inform him about the continuous pain although Mr. Biffin reported that he was having prolonged pain around the umbilicus for the past few days. It can be seen from the case study that there had been negligence on the caregivers part regarding administration of medicines. The nurses could have used broad spectrum antibiotics such as Cefoxitin, Gentamycin, Ampicillin , but the registered nurse continued to give him Movicol (McKenna, Hasson Keeney, 2014). The Tort of Negligence The tort of negligence involves a persons action that is less than the normal standard behavior and the duty of a person and the actions have caused serious damage. A tort is a civil wrong and tort of negligence can be applied in this study, as it can be clearly identified that the negligence of the involved doctors and the nurses lead to the deterioration of Mr. Biffin. Elements of negligence can be clearly seen in part of the doctor, the registered nurse and the clinical staffs. In a civil law it is the torts that can allow the advocates to claim compensations against the damage (Kitson, Marshall, Bassett Zeitz, 2013). There are normally four elements to prove a negligence case. Negligence- The surviving members or the legal helpers of the deceased person should be able to provide appropriate proof of death of their loved ones due to the negligence of the defending party (Brenner, Brenner, Awerbuch Horwitz, 2012). This does not only involve deaths and is applicable to other bodily harm to the patients. Breach of duty- It has to be proved that the defendant in the case owes a duty of care to the plaintiff. The health care professionals of a hospital have the duty to impart appropriate care to the patient according to their needs. It is up to the plaintiff to establish that the duty was being breached through negligent actions (Heaton, 2014). Causation- After proving how the defendants duty was breached, the plaintiff should also prove how the recklessness of the defendant actually took away the life of their loved ones (McDonald Then, 2014). Damages- The death of the person should have brought quantifiable damages like admission to the hospital, medication costs, funeral, burial costs, loss of the potential earning members, pain and suffering brought to life due to the death of the loved ones (McDonald Then, 2014). Mr. Biffin was an elderly person and his family might have been at a loss due to his death. In order to prove these elements, the lawsuit requires relevant evidences and witnesses, and the whole procedure has to be done under the supervision of a specialized judge (Heaton, 2014). The patients family or the patient himself should be able to prove that the damages that had been done were foreseeable or avoidable. A wrongful death is a civil wrong but not a criminal case. Therefore the burden of the proof is normally set a bit lower. Pursuing of the civil action in case of wrongful deaths can involve a number of steps like development of new strategies, communicating with the experts, investigating the claim, meeting the witnesses and researching about the tort law. The legal process related to wrongful deaths involves demands and possible settlement of the claim.A skilled attorney is required that can build a solid case in order to ensure that the proof burden has been properly addressed. Selection of an efficient lawyer is also required as the claim for the wrongful deaths which are complicated. A successful lawyer can communicate with the clients and work together to achieve a common goal off getting a good compensation (Heaton, 2014). In this report it can be seen that it is due to the organizational malpractice and the negligence of the nursing staff, that Mr. Biffin could no longer survive. In such a case legal actions can be taken against the health care settings. The inquest of Mr. Biffins death clearly p rovides with the idea that the total health care setting was responsible for providing a standard care to the patient, which they failed to provide (Brenner, Brenner, Awerbuch Horwitz, 2012). Ethical issues Ethical issues are one of the major challenges that are encountered by all professional nurses. In several cases, the nurses have to take critical decisions based on circumstances. Nevertheless, the lack of capability of the nurse and the Health Care workers, can we one of the major challenges that cause ethical concerns. In the given case, of Mr. Biffin the major ethical issues are raised due to the fact that the patient family has not been informed about the cause of the death, which is believed to be one of the major ethical issues. According to the Coroners Act 2003, there are a set of rules that helps to identify the cause of death of an individual within the healthcare settings. It is also the ethical responsibility of the Healthcare organization to provide proper justification to the patient family for the cause of the death if it occurs immediately after receiving any health care treatment (Korhonen et al., 2015). It is one of the major challenges of the Healthcare investigation team to evaluate the proper reason for the day of the patient in the given case. According to McCarthy and Gastmans(2015), there are several ethical issues related to end of Life Care treatment. Due to multiple physical disorders that are encountered by an aged patient, there are several medical complications that are encountered by the General physician and nurses. Nevertheless, in the given case of Mr. Biffin, the nurse had not carefully attempted to fulfill the multiple needs of the patients. The nurses have also failed to deliver the exact care, as they were not properly able to diagnose the exact clinical condition Mr. Biffin. Hence, they have not been able to provide the correct forms of medical care that is needed in the case. It is also important to ensure that equal health care services are provided to every individual patient. It is essential from the nursing context to provide extra care to the aged patient that can help them in the process of recovery. In the given case of Mr Biffin, there has been clear breach of the ethical code of conduct for medic al practice that has caused the death References Brenner, L. H., Brenner, A. T., Awerbuch, E. J., Horwitz, D. (2012). Beyond the standard of care: a new model to judge medical negligence.Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,470(5), 1357-1364. Butts, J. B., Rich, K. L. (2012). Nursing ethics. Jones Bartlett Publishers. P.g.271-273 Coussement, J., De Paepe, L., Schwendimann, R., Denhaerynck, K., Dejaeger, E., Milisen, K. (2008). Interventions for preventing falls in acute?and chronic?care hospitals: a systematic review and meta?analysis.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,56(1), 29-36. Haakestad, A. (2014).Exploring the experiences of Enrolled Nurses regarding quality nursing care in general nursing units in the private healthcare setting(Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University). Hall, M. A., Bobinski, M. A. (2014).Health care law and ethics. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Heaton, L. (2014). Legal aspects of nursing.Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition,3, 57. Johnstone, M. J. (2015).Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. McCarthy, J., Gastmans, C. (2015). Moral distress: A review of the argument-based nursing ethics literature. Nursing Ethics, 22(1), 131-152. McDonald, F., Then, S. (2014). Ethics, law and health care : a guide for nurses ?and midwives. Australia: Palgrave Macmillan. McDonald, F., Then, S. (2014). Ethics, law and health care : a guide for nurses ?and midwives. Australia: Palgrave Macmillan. McKenna, H. P., Hasson, F., Keeney, S. (2014). Patient safety and quality of care: the role of the health care assistant.Journal of Nursing Management,12(6), 452-459. Shahriari, M., Mohammadi, E., Abbaszadeh, A., Bahrami, M. (2013). Nursing ethical values and definitions: A literature review.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research,18(1), 1. Jan-Feb 2013 Towsley-Cook, D. M., Young, T. A. (2013).Ethical and Legal Issues for Imaging Professionals-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Tune, M. D. (2016). Re: Aged Care Legislated Review. Weiss, S. A., Tappen, R. M. (2014).Essentials of nursing leadership and management. FA Davis.pg. 105,126.

Rasputin Essays - Grigori Rasputin, , Term Papers

Rasputin Rasputin Grigory (or Gregory) Rasputin is without question one of the most sensational figures in Russian history. This mystic from Siberia arrived in St. Petersburg in 1911 and within a few years had become one of the most influential men in government. His ability to remain in such a high position despite widely publicized periods of drinking and womanizing is no doubt, the source of great envy among political figures around the world today. Rasputin's rise to power was due to his close relationship with the czar Nicholas II's wife, Alexandra. Her son, Alexis, suffered from hemophaelia, and only Rasputin could do what the top best doctor were unable to do, stop the boy's bleeding. Because of this, Alexandra believed he was a holy man sent to protect Alexis and she always kept him near. Rasputin is as famous for his death as he is for his life. At the end of 1916, a group of aristocrats working with the Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich (a cousin of Nicholas II) decided that Rasputin's influence had grown too great and that he had to be killed in order to save Russia. They lured him to the Yusupovsky Palace on the telling him that Prince Felix Yusupovsky would introduce Rasputin to his beautiful wife. Rasputin was led to the cellar and fed poisoned cakes and wine, but he was unaffected. Yusupovsky then shot the monk at point blank range and Rasputin collapsed on the floor. When Yusupov went to tell his fellow conspirators the good news, they sent him back to make sure he was dead. On returning to inspect the body, Rasputin suddenly regained consciousness and started to choke Yusupov, who in seeing Rasputin alive was completely shocked. The Prince fled the cellar, screaming for help; when they all returned Rasputin was gone. They later found him in the yard crawling towards the front gate and began to shoot and bludgeon him. They then bound him in carpet and tossed him into the river. When Rasputin's body was found, he was untied and his lungs were found to be filled with water, showing that he didn't actually die until he was thrown into the river.

Writing a Sample Business School Essay

Writing a Sample Business School EssayIn order to excel in business, one needs to write a sample business school essay. Not only can you keep your own personal point of view on the topic, but it is also important to write for an audience that is similar to your own, so that you have something to talk about with your writing peers and colleagues.There are many other important elements to this part of the curriculum, however. This includes brainstorming, setting goals, evaluating results, etc. Thus, these are some of the most crucial ideas you should have when writing a sample business school essay.One must be careful not to bore their reader with research and/or analysis, for there will always be a need for something that shows how well you understand the topic at hand. While you can speak about what you have learned during your studies, it will be much more effective if you start by being able to write and speak about how you have become knowledgeable. This is also important because, not all business schools give separate sections for writing as well as for speaking.Writing, as in every other aspect of business, must be a team effort. By this, I mean you will need to consult and work together with your fellow students to achieve the desired end. In order to make this happen, you will need to be willing to listen to their perspectives, and you will also need to be willing to read and re-read what they have written in order to improve yourself.Next, once you have an outline of what you want to cover, start by jotting down some questions you have about the topic, and then put that information into a short summary that will be used as your bibliography. It is important to keep these questions relevant to the rest of the essay, as they will serve as a 'refresher' at the end of the paper.The body of the essay will then consist of your own thoughts on the topic. Your thesis statement can also be based on your personal viewpoint, but it is often best to follow up on an idea or two that you have seen addressed elsewhere in the essay.Finally, you can do some things to make your essay unique to your own voice. For example, you can try substituting words and phrases that sound alike in your writing, as you will find that students will sometimes copy you word for word.

Making a case for The BASEL III The WritePass Journal

Making a case for The BASEL III Making a case for The BASEL III In the face of the impending global financial crisis, world leaders at G20 called for reform from legislators across the globe. From the reports assessing the causes of the crisis and proposing regulatory reform, a general consensus has emerged on two elements. First, all systemically important institutions, instruments and markets should be regulated, preferably under the umbrella of a consolidated supervisor in each jurisdiction. Second, reform will be implemented at a national, not at an international level. A new set of banking regulations, published in response to the financial crisis, to ensure banks can cope with a similar meltdown. The BASEL III was published in 2010 in response to financial crisis. BASEL III The aim of BASEL III was to ensure that banks, in future, would be able to withstand the sort of financial meltdown they have just endured. Two points are discussed in the answer and details are as follows: Capital: The new rules state that the minimum amount of capital that a bank must hold in reserve will rise more than threefold from 2% to 7%. Banks have eight years and, in some cases, 13 to comply. New rules aimed at reducing risks associated with counterparty transactions and introducing liquidity stress tests have also been drafted. Supporters insist a good balance has been struck between improving the Basel 2 framework which ignored liquidity and maintaining enough lending capacity to fuel a global economic recovery. This rule did not get tough on banks, in fact , banks like J.P Morgan that were best capitalised gained most and the share price of many banks rose in response. Lending:   Property experts had reckoned the new rules would make it even harder for banks to lend to property companies and investors banks would have less money to lend and their cost of capital would rise. However these rules were not so significant in the sense that most large, internationally active banks already meet the requirements Lloyds boasts a 9% capital ratio and Barclays 13%. However Banks attitude to property lending will be more affected by their terrible experience in the wake of the credit crunch. Stress tests will identify other less obvious connections between counterparties, for example where a bank has made loans to a number of unconnected counterparties who are all affected by the same underlying business risks. Stress tests were mainly carried out in USA. UK Regulations There have been substantial changes in the way the UK financial services industry is regulated, with potentially significant consequences for its consumers. The first change is a change in the Financial Service Authority(FSA)’s philosophy and its approach to supervision. The second, and more significant change, is the new UK coalition government’s plan to put in place a new financial regulation regime, that will see the FSA phased out in 2012, and its functions carried out by the Bank of England and a number of new regulators. Change in FSA’s philosophy and supervision The review of Northern rock shows that the supervision of risk regulations is flawed and   the supervision of risks in financial services remains the key. The ‘Light Touch’ regulations which was considered the key contributor to the financial crisis(Sants, 2010) is being replaced by intensive supervision. FSA is adopting a new approach to create the environment where risks are lessened and at the same time innovation and an increase in competition The idea of treating customers fairly (TCF) remains firmly on the regulator’s agenda for the supervision of firms. The regulator accepts that the TCF initiative has not delivered the outcomes that consumers deserve, largely as a result of its implementation in a non-neutral, reactive manner (Sants, 2009, 2010). It has consulted on ways to improve professionalism within the industry (FSA, 2009) and the way firms handle consumer complaints (FSA, 2010). It has also re-focused the TCF initiative towards making the retail market work better for consumers. The new financial regulatory regime to replace the FSA The new coalition government in the UK has decided to get rid of the FSA and to split its responsibilities between the Bank of England and a new financial services consumer protection agency (currently being referred to as the Consumer Protection and Markets Authority (CPMA)). In this new regime the Bank of England will be responsible for the overall financial stability of the UK financial system, in addition to its already existing responsibility for monetary policy. Europe Regulations The European Commission has been among the most active in proposing reforms after the global financial crisis. The Commissions proposals include new regulatory bodies at the European level, changes to the way financial institutions are regulated in the EU, and changes to the regulation of certain financial products. The Commission and the European Council have called for an enhanced European financial supervisory framework, which will be composed of two new bodies: the European Systemic Risk Council (ESRC) and the European System of Financial Supervisors (ESFS). The ESRC will be responsible for macro-prudential oversight; specifically monitoring and assessing potential threats to financial stability that arise from macro-economic developments and from developments within the financial system as a whole. It will not have any regulatory authority over financial institutions or markets. The ESFS will consist of a network of national financial supervisors working in tandem with three new European supervisory authorities: the European Banking Authority : which monitors banks, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority: which look after insurance and pension and the European Securities Authority: which look after market. These three new bodies will replace the existing Committees of Supervisors, known as Level 3 committees that advise the Commission. These proposals are designed to create a framework within which financial risk at the EU level will be supervised, and through which the actions of national supervisors may be coordinated. US Regulations The position in the US is complicated because of the division of responsibilities amongst various agencies. Recent US proposals would coordinate these agencies through the creation of the Financial Services Oversight Council, which would be composed of representatives from multiple agencies and chaired by the US Treasury Department. This body will also have a more formal role in the regulatory process. This approach is broadly similar to the position in the EU, in that a supervisor, comprising representatives from various bodies in the sector, will monitor risk on a macro-basis and act accordingly through those bodies. The interaction between the ESRC: and its US equivalent will be key to the success of both initiatives. How this will occur remains to be seen. Conclusion: BASEL III: Banks will have to hold a greater amount of high quality capital, which should make failure less likely and deposits more secure. Higher quality capital is more expensive, which might increase the interest rates which banks charge their borrowers. The higher quality capital should also make bank bail-outs less likely and therefore protect taxpayer funds. Regulatory capital adequacy only ensures that banks have enough capital to meet their obligations over the entire life of their business. It does not address whether they have enough readily available funds to be able to meet their obligations as they fall due. The liquidity coverage ratio is intended to ensure that the bank can pay its obligations falling due over the next 30 days. Regulations: UK, EU and US are moving on a variety of fronts to improve their financial regulatory systems in response to the financial crisis. The regulatory bodies have been active proposing major reforms and accelerating the implementation of measures that were already under way. There is still considerable uncertainty regarding the final shape of some of these initiatives. Some initiatives seem likely to create tension with member state governments.   On both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, the key challenge will be to ensure that steps towards reform reflect a global consensus reached in the G20 and to ensure that the move to tighten regulation of the financial system does not create unintended barriers for global financial institutions. References Basel 3 quick fix is neither Critics find little assurance that proposed standards will prevent banking failures. By Thomas Watson Financial services and consumer protection after the crisis by Folarin Akinbami Durham University, Durham, UK Daily Mail, 9th March 2011 Perspectives on Basel III. International Financial Law Review, 02626969, Nov2010, Vol. 29, Issue 9

The 36 Trig Identities You Need to Know

The 36 Trig Identities You Need to Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re taking a geometry or trigonometry class, one of the topics you’ll study are trigonometric identities. There are numerous trig identities, some of which are key for you to know, and others that you’ll use rarely or never. This guide explains the trig identities you should have memorized as well as others you should be aware of. We also explain what trig identities are and how you can verify trig identities. In math, an "identity" is an equation that is always true, every single time. Trig identities are trigonometry equations that are always true, and they’re often used to solve trigonometry and geometry problems and understand various mathematical properties. Knowing key trig identities helps you remember and understand important mathematical principles and solve numerous math problems. The 25Most Important Trig Identities Below are six categories of trig identities that you’ll be seeing often. Each of these is a key trig identity and should be memorized. It seems like a lot at first, but once you start studying them you’ll see that many follow patterns that make them easier to remember. Basic Identities These identities define the six trig functions. $$sin(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{csc(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{sec(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ $$tan(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{cot(ÃŽ ¸)} = {sin(ÃŽ ¸)}/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ $$csc(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{sin(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ $$sec(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ $$cot(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{tan(ÃŽ ¸)} = {cos(ÃŽ ¸)}/{sin(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ Pythagorean Identities These identities are the trigonometric proof of the Pythagorean theorem (that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, or $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$). The first equation below is the most important one to know, and you’ll see it often when using trig identities. $$sin^2(ÃŽ ¸) + cos^2(ÃŽ ¸) = 1$$ $$tan^2(ÃŽ ¸) + 1 = sec^2(ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$1 + cot^2(ÃŽ ¸) = csc^2(ÃŽ ¸)$$ Co-function Identities Each of the trig functions equals its co-function evaluated at the complementary angle. $$sin(ÃŽ ¸) = cos({Ï€/2} - ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ¸) = sin({Ï€/2} - ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$tan(ÃŽ ¸) = cot({Ï€/2} - ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$cot(ÃŽ ¸) = tan({Ï€/2} - ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$csc(ÃŽ ¸) = sec({Ï€/2} - ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$sec(ÃŽ ¸) = csc({Ï€/2} - ÃŽ ¸)$$ Negative Angle Identities Sine, tangent, cotangent, and cosecant are odd functions (symmetric about the origin). Cosine and secant are even functions (symmetric about the y-axis). $$sin(-ÃŽ ¸) = -sin(ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$cos(-ÃŽ ¸) = cos(ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$tan(-ÃŽ ¸) = -tan(ÃŽ ¸)$$ Sum and Difference Identities These are sometimes known as Ptolemy’s Identities as he’s the one who first proved them. $$sin(ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²) = sin(ÃŽ ±)cos(ÃŽ ²) + cos(ÃŽ ±)sin(ÃŽ ²)$$ $$sin(ÃŽ ± – ÃŽ ²) = sin(ÃŽ ±)cos(ÃŽ ²) – cos(ÃŽ ±)sin(ÃŽ ²)$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²) = cos(ÃŽ ±)cos(ÃŽ ²) – sin(ÃŽ ±)sin(ÃŽ ²)$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ± – ÃŽ ²) = cos(ÃŽ ±)cos(ÃŽ ²) + sin(ÃŽ ±)sin(ÃŽ ²)$$ Double-Angle Identities You only need to memorize one of the double-angle identities for cosine. The other two can be derived from the Pythagorean theorem by using the identity $sin^2(ÃŽ ¸) + cos^2(ÃŽ ¸) = 1$ to convert one cosine identity to the others. $$sin(2ÃŽ ¸) = 2 sin(ÃŽ ¸) cos(ÃŽ ¸)$$ $$cos(2ÃŽ ¸) = cos^2(ÃŽ ¸) – sin^2(ÃŽ ¸) = 1 – 2 sin^2(ÃŽ ¸) = 2 cos^2(ÃŽ ¸) – 1$$ $$tan(2ÃŽ ¸)={2 tan(ÃŽ ¸)}/{1– tan^2(ÃŽ ¸)}$$ Additional Trig Identities These three categories of trig identities are used less often. You should look through them to make sure you understand them, but they typically don’t need to be memorized. Half-Angle Identities These are inversions of the double-angle identities. $$sin2(ÃŽ ¸) = {1/2}(1-cos (2ÃŽ ¸))$$ $$cos2(ÃŽ ¸) = {1/2}(1+ cos (2ÃŽ ¸))$$ $$tan2(ÃŽ ¸) = {1-cos(2ÃŽ ¸)}/{1+ cos (2ÃŽ ¸)}$$ Sum Identities These trig identities make it possible for you to change a sum or difference of sines or cosines into a product of sines and cosines. $$sin(ÃŽ ±) + sin(ÃŽ ²)= 2sin({ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²}/ 2) cos({ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²}/ 2)$$ $$sin(ÃŽ ±) - sin(ÃŽ ²)= 2cos({ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²}/ 2) sin({ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²}/ 2)$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ±) + cos(ÃŽ ²)= 2cos({ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²} / 2) cos({ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²}/ 2)$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ±) - cos(ÃŽ ²)= -2sin ({ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²}/ 2) sin({ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²}/ 2)$$ Product Identities This group of trig identities allows you to change a product of sines or cosines into a product or difference of sines and cosines. $$sin(ÃŽ ±) cos(ÃŽ ²)= {1/2}(sin (ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²) + sin (ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²))$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ±) sin(ÃŽ ²)= {1/2}(sin (ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²) - sin (ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²))$$ $$sin(ÃŽ ±) sin(ÃŽ ²)= {1/2}(cos (ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²) - cos(ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²))$$ $$cos(ÃŽ ±) cos(ÃŽ ²)= {1/2}(cos (ÃŽ ± - ÃŽ ²) + cos(ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²))$$ Verifying Trigonometric Identities Once you have gone over all the key trig identities in your math class, the next step will be verifying them. Verifying trig identities means making two sides of a given equation identical to each other in order to prove that it is true. You’ll use trig identities to alter one or both sides of the equation until they’re the same. Verifying trig identities can require lots of different math techniques, including FOIL, distribution, substitutions, and conjugations. Each equation will require different techniques, but there are a few tips to keep in mind when verifying trigonometric identities. #1: Start With the Harder Side Despite what you may initially want to do, we recommend starting with the side of the equation that looks messier or more difficult.Complicated-looking equations often give you more possibilities to try out than simpler equations, so start with the trickier side so you have more options. #2: Remember That You Can Change Both Sides You don’t need to stick to only changing one side of the equation. If you get stuck on one side, you can switch over to the other side and begin changing it as well. Neither side of the equation needs to be the same as how it was originally; as long as both sides of the equation end up being identical, the identity has been verified. #3: Turn all the Functions Into Sines and Cosines Most students learning trig identities feel most comfortable with sines and cosines because those are the trig functions they see the most. Make things easier on yourself by converting all the functions to sines and cosines! Example 1 Verify the identity $cos(ÃŽ ¸)sec(ÃŽ ¸) = 1$ Let’s change that secant to a cosine. Using basic identities, we know $sec(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}$. That gives us: $$cos(ÃŽ ¸) (1/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}) = 1$$ The cosines on the left cancel each other out, leaving us with $1=1$. Identity verified! Example 2 Verify the identity $1 − cos(2ÃŽ ¸) = tan(ÃŽ ¸) sin(2ÃŽ ¸)$ Let’s start with the left side since it has more going on. Using basic trig identities, we know tan(ÃŽ ¸) can be converted to sin(ÃŽ ¸)/ cos(ÃŽ ¸), which makes everything sines and cosines. $$1 − cos(2ÃŽ ¸) = ({sin(ÃŽ ¸)}/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}) sin(2ÃŽ ¸)$$ Distribute the right side of the equation: $$1 − cos(2ÃŽ ¸) = 2sin^2(ÃŽ ¸)$$ There are no more obvious steps we can take to transform the right side of the equation, so let’s move to the left side. We can use the Pythagorean identity to convert $cos(2ÃŽ ¸)$ to $1 - 2sin^2(ÃŽ ¸)$ $$1 - (1 - 2sin^2(ÃŽ ¸)) = 2sin^2(ÃŽ ¸)$$ Now work out the left side of the equation $$2sin^2(ÃŽ ¸) = 2sin^2(ÃŽ ¸)$$ The two sides are identical, so the identity has been verified! Example 3 Verify the identity $sec(-ÃŽ ¸) = sec(ÃŽ ¸)$ The left side of the equation is a bit more complicated, so let’s change that secant into a sine or cosine. From the basic trig identities, we know that $sec(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}$, which means that $sec(-ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{cos(-ÃŽ ¸)}$. Substitute that for the left side: $$1/{cos(-ÃŽ ¸)} = sec(ÃŽ ¸)$$ The negative angle identities tell us that $cos(-ÃŽ ¸) = cos(ÃŽ ¸)$, so sub that: $$1/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)} = sec(ÃŽ ¸)$$ Again, we know that $sec(ÃŽ ¸) = 1/{cos(ÃŽ ¸)}$, so we end up with: $$sec(ÃŽ ¸) = sec(ÃŽ ¸)$$ Identity verified! Summary: Trig Identities Solver You’ll need to have key trig identities memorized in order to do well in your geometry or trigonometry classes. While there may seem to be a lot of trigonometric identities, many follow a similar pattern, and not all need to be memorized. When verifying trig identities, keep the following three tips in mind: Start with the trickier side Remember that you can change both sides of the equation Turn the functions into sines and cosines What's Next? Wondering which math classes to take in high school? Learn the best math classes for high school students to take by reading our guide! Wondering whether you should take AB or BC Calculus? Our guide lays out the differences between the two classesand explains who should take each course. Interested in math competitions like the International Math Olympiad? See our guide for passing the qualifying tests.